Much end user computing is a group effort known as work group computing. More formal terms include computer-supported collaboration (CSC), computer-based systems/or collaborative work (CSCW), or collaborative work support systems (CWSS). But no matter what you call it, the fact is that end users are now using computer, software, and telecommunications networks to communicate and coordinate with each other about work assignments. For example, members of an office sales team may use a local area network and software packages known as groupware to communicate with electronic mail and jointly do the word processing, spreadsheet analysis, and report generation needed to accomplish a particular sales presentation assignment.(http://www.thomassaboclub.com/bracelet-c-1.html) Thomas Sabo Bracelets
Electronic Work Groups. There are many types of work groups, each with its own work styles, agendas, and computing needs. A work group can be defined as two or more people working together on the same task or assignment. Thus, a work group can be as small as 2 persons or as large as 30 or more people. Work groups can be as formal and structured as a traditional office or department dedicated to one type of business activity—an Accounts Payable Department, for example. Or they can be as informal and unstructured as an ad hoc task force whose members work for different organizations in different parts of the world—the planning committee for a major international conference, for example.
Therefore, the members of a work group don’t have to work in the same physical location. They can be members of a virtual work group, that is, one whose members are united by telecommunications networks and the tasks on which they are collaborating, not by geography or membership in a larger organization. In sociology and cultural anthropology,these work groups are called social fields—semiautonomous and self-regulating associations of people with their own work agendas, rules, relationships, and norms of behavior. Telecommunications makes electronic social fields possible. Computers, groupware, and interconnected telecommunications networks allow end users to work together without regard to time constraints, physical location, or organizational boundaries.
Electronic Communications Systems
Electronic communications systems are one of the most important application areas of telecommunications. Electronic mail, voice mail, bulletin board systems and facsimile allow organizations to send messages in text, video, or voice form or transmit copies of documents and do it in seconds, not hours or days. Such systems transmit and distribute text and images in Bulletin board systems serve as a central location to post and pick up messages or uploa and download data files or programs 24 hours a day. A BBS helps end users ask questions, advice, locate and share information, and get in touch with other end users. Thus, interm company bulletin board systems are being used by many business firms as a convenient low-cost way to enhance the flow of information among their employees, while an external BB helps them keep in touch with their customers and suppliers.
y Public Information Services. Public information services are another major categor of telecommunications applications. The Internet provides a wealth of information for free, while companies such as CompuServe, Genie, and Prodigy offer a variety of informatioi services for a fee to anyone. Gaining access to these services is easy if you have a persona computer equipped with a modem and a communications software package. They offer sucl services as electronic mail, bulletin board systems, financial market information, airline reservations, use of software packages for personal computing, electronic games, home banking and shopping, news/sports/weather information, and access to a variety ol specialized data banks.
Videotex. Another way end users can get information using an information services network is videotex. Videotex is an interactive information service provided over phone lines 01 cable TV channels. End users can select specific video displays of data and information, such as electronic Yellow Pages and personal bank checking account registers. Thus, you can use a special terminal or personal computer to do banking and shopping electronically. Videotex is widely used in Europe. Many companies tried pilot programs of videotex services in the 1980s, but most efforts failed to generate sufficient consumer interest.
Facsimile. Facsimile (fax) is not a new office telecommunications service. However, advances in digital imaging technology and microelectronics have caused a sharp drop in prices and a significant increase in capabilities. As a consequence, sales of fax machines have skyrocketed in the last few years, and faxing has become a commonplace business term. Facsimile allows you to transmit images of important documents over telephone or other telecommunication links. Thus, “long-distance copying” might be an appropriate nickname for this telecommunications process.
Usually, a fax machine at one office location transmits to a fax machine at another location, with both units connected to high-speed modems. Transmission speeds for digital office fax machines range from one to four pages per minute, with quality equivalent to an office copier. However, facsimile circuit boards and fax modems are also available for microcomputers. Installing a fax board or fax modem and using a fax software package allows a personal computer to transmit copies of word processing, spreadsheet, and other files to fax machines anywhere. Thus, fax machines can now become remote dial-up printers for microcomputer systems.(http://www.mythomassabo.net/necklaces-c-3.html) Thomas Sabo Necklaces
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